It's generally believed that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by unaccustomed exercise session causes myofibrillar damage. In recent years, the use of cold water immersion (CWI) following heavy training sessions has become common among athletes aiming to reduce soreness, although there isn't any strong scientific rational behind this method. The question is raised in this regard that if this method really accelerates recovery.Purpose: HSP25 as one of the stress proteins that have been shown to play an important role after damage and following remodeling process in skeletal muscle have been discussed in this study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of HSP25 after damaging exercise followed by cold water immersion in different recovery time courses.Methods: male Wistar rats (n=96; W=290±10 gr) were divided into two groups of exercise (Ex) and exercise followed by cold water immersion (Ex+CWI). Each group divided to seven subgroups for seven time-courses (0, 0.5, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after exercise).Results: we observed that the level of HSP25 in exercised muscles was increased significantly in all time courses except 168 hour after exercise (P<0.05). The increment pattern was the same in both groups: a gradual significant increase during the time points, reaching to peak level at late recovery periods, and returning to near basal level after one week. In Ex group, HSP25 level reach to its peak level 48 hours post exercise, while the peak time course for Ex+CWI group was 72 hours post exercise.Conclusion: the most important finding of this study is that using CWI after exercise session causes delay in expression of HSP25 in recovery period. Also, the level of expression after CWI is higher. These findings indirectly indicate that using cold water immersion after exercise session may increase the response of muscle to exercise-induced muscle damage and delay the recovery period.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Romberg exercise on balance improvement in elderly persons, 70 elderly persons with the history of two or more falling during recent 3 months were selected from Kahrizak nursing home in Tehran (38 as cases and 32 as controls).Materials & Methods: Romberg exercise was done in case group every day (45 minute per day and one time each day) for 3 months. Among all persons, 28 persons in case group and 21 persons in control group were followed for 6 months and incidence and frequency of falling were assessed during this time.Results: The Incidence of one or more falling in case and control groups was 31.3% and 47.6% in men and 57.9% and 27.3% in women, respectively. We found no significant relation between gender and the incidence of falling (P=0.460). Also, no significant relation was found between age and incidence (P=0.554) and frequency of falling (P=0.144) in elderly persons.Conclusion: Although the effect of Romberg exercise on improvement of balance disturbance and falling was not demonstrated, it needs additional studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Purpose: cold water immersion is considered to accelerate the recovery from damaging exercise for athletes. Given the importance of satellite cells and the role of inflammatory responses in regeneration process, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion on MyoD gene expression as an activation marker of satellite cells, CK as an indirect marker of damage and IL-6, IL-10 as inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in male rats.Methods: 30 young and healthy male Wistar rats (Weight range=300±10) were assigned randomly in 5 groups each consisting of 6 subjects. It was an experimental research and subjects participated in eccentric exercise protocol (90min). Then they were compared in tow groups with and without cold water immersion (10min), in 3 and 48 hours after exercise in changes of MyoD gene expression in FHL skeletal muscle and the level of serum CK, IL-6 and IL-10. We used Rest software for analyzing MyoD gene expression and independent T test for analyzing serum data' s.Results: Results showed that mRNA MyoD has been increased three hours after eccentric exercise in cold water immersion group and the level of IL-6, IL-10 decreased significantly in that group in compare with the group of three hours after eccentric exercise without cold water immersion. There is no significant change in CK. There was no significant changes in mRNA MyoD and serum CK, IL-6, IL-10 in 48 hour after eccentric exercise and cold water immersion.Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study, cold water during recovery may cause the activation of satellite cells and decrease the inflammatory responses after eccentric exercise in early phase of damage.

This research was conducted to examine the kind and the frequency of damages done to school"s building and equipment as well as effective factors influencing this phenomenon. The sample was selected among students of the primary, guidance and sceondary schools of Tehran. It was comprised of 962 students and 356 school personnel (Heads, depmty heads and Teachers). For the collection of data two questionnaires (student"s and school"s personnel) and an observational scale were used. The research finding shows that according to the student"s view, the level of damages to the classroom"s equipment is more obvious, while teachers report that dameges are more evident on classrooms"s equipment, and its environment. The technical- architectural factors are seen by the students as more effective on school"s damages than the behavioural factors. School personnel see family, architectural, student"s and school factors as the elements causing damages to schools. Significant relationship is found between the level of damages and the age of the students", in higher level of schooling, damages are more frequent. The gender does not seem to have significant effect on the school"s damages. The results on the architectural aspect shows that very few schools are situated near cultural or green areas and the building of 1. of 1/3 schools are not suitable as such. Findings also reveal that few schools are kept in excellent conditions and that half of the school buildings need repairing. The authors review the important factors which can prevent or diminish damages to schools as seen by the students and school personnel. By classifying important architectural standards and principles for designing, constructing, equipping and maintaing schools, the authors suggest different solutions for a safe and favourable environment